Composition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis, including cannabis extract as active ingredient

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a composition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis, including a cannabis extract as an active ingredient, and may provide a composition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis, which decreases the rate of cancer metastasis, does not have the occurrence of side effects during internal use and administration, and does not cause resistance by suppressing the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a composition for anti-cancer, reducinganti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis, including acannabis extract as an active ingredient. More particularly, the presentinvention relates to a composition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancerside effects and suppressing cancer metastasis, which decreases the rateof cancer metastasis, is excellent in reducing the viability of cancercells, does not have side effects caused by internal use andadministration of the composition, and does not cause cancer to beresistant, using a cannabis extract.

BACKGROUND ART

Cancer shows a high mortality rate worldwide, and is the second mostcommon cause of death next to cardiovascular diseases in westernsocieties. In particular, lung cancer is increasing due to an increasein the smoking population and air pollution along with the aging of thepopulation, the intake of high-fat diets has become common due towesternized eating habits, and colorectal cancer, breast cancer,prostate cancer, and the like tend to increase continuously due to arapid increase in environmental pollutants, an increase in alcoholconsumption, and the like. Under such circumstances, there is an urgentneed for creating anti-cancer substances capable of contributing to thepromotion of human health, the improvement in the quality of healthylife, and the promotion of public health by enabling cancer to beprevented and treated.

Malignant tumors spread from one organ, the primary site of occurrence,to other tissues after the development in one organ (the lungs, liver,kidneys, stomach, large intestine, rectum, and the like) in most cases,and spread from the primary site of tumor to other tissues is calledmetastasis.

Metastasis is a phenomenon accompanied by the progression of a malignanttumor, and after malignant tumor cells proliferate and acquire newgenetic traits required for metastasizing as the cancer progresses, themalignant tumor cells infiltrate the blood vessels and lymph glands,circulate along the blood and lymph, settle and then proliferate inother tissues. Recent studies have revealed genetic traits associatedwith metastasis, and genetic testing of the primary tissue may be usedto infer a recurrence high-risk group via metastasis to other organs inthe future.

Treatment of metastasis of malignant tumors may be divided into localtreatment and systemic treatment, and the principle of treatment ofmetastasis of malignant tumors differs depending on the type of tumorand the tumor metastasis site. In the case of some malignant tumorswhose local symptoms become severe due to metastasis, or a surgicaltreatment of metastasis is known to be capable of modulating the naturalcourse of malignant tumors, local treatment strategies such astherapeutic surgery or radiation therapy may be considered formetastasis. In general, when metastasis occurs from a malignant tumor,it is helpful to treat the tumor not only at the metastatic site butalso at the primary site together through systemic treatment such asanti-cancer chemotherapy rather than local treatment. However, exceptfor a very small number of tumors, such as lymphoma, malignant tumorswhere metastasis occurs are rarely cured completely.

The course of malignant tumors where metastasis occurs varies, and isdetermined depending on the type of primary malignant tumor and theoverall tumor progression rate. Complications may vary depending onwhich organ the malignant tumor has metastasized to. For example, in thecase of brain metastasis, symptoms such as headache, visual field loss,and vomiting may occur. In the case of bone metastasis, bone pain mayoccur, and pathological fracture may occur. Mental fog may also occurdue to hypercalcemia accompanied by bone metastasis. Accordingly, earlydetection of tumor through diagnosis and genetic testing of the primarytumor are methods of preventing an increase in mortality rate frommetastasis.

Drugs developed for treating cancer to date are a systemic injection ororally administered drug, and act non-specifically on the whole bodyalong the bloodstream and have low specificity for cancer cells, andhave a disadvantage in that many side effects occur compared to surgeryand radiation therapy because there are many systemic side effects dueto administration of the drug. Meanwhile, no breakthrough drug has beendeveloped, which can prevent cancer cells from metastasizing to otherorgans without showing cell toxicity.

Cancer pain is a pain caused by the cancer disease itself or treatment,and is experienced by many patients who are currently being treated andpatients with advanced cancer.

Cancer pain depends on various factors including the type of cancer, thestage of the disease, the site of the disease and the patient'sresistance to the pain, and cancer pain may be from the primary canceritself or from other sites of the body where the cancer has spread(metastasized). As the tumor grows, the cancer may exert pressure onnerves, bones, or other organs, which may cause pain. Pain may also becaused by bone fracture, disease-related infection or inflammation.Cancer pain may be caused not only by the physical consequences ofcancer at body sites, but also by chemicals secreted from cancer cellsand tissues. The type of cancer pain may also be various. For example,cancer pain may be acute, chronic, or breakthrough pain. Cancer pain mayalso change during each pain period, and the severity and frequency ofpain may also vary.

Therefore, the control of pain in patients with cancer needs to beperformed in order for the patients to be able to carry out their dailylife.

The two main drug classes used to treat cancer pain are opioidanalgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Theseclasses of drugs are typically administered systemically. Systemic drugadministration to reduce cancer pain is often problematic. For example,systemic administration of opioids for cancer pain may cause nausea,suppression of bowel function, urine stagnation, suppression of lungfunctions, cardiovascular effects and sedative action, and may causeundesired central nervous system-mediated side effects, deterioration inrespiratory functions, sedative action, and drowsiness.

Therefore, there is a need for a composition free from side effects evenwhen the composition is systemically administered as an effect capableof preventing the metastasis of cancer cells to other organs.

PRIOR ART DOCUMENT Patent Document

-   (Patent Document 1) KR 10-2015-0003111 A

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been made in an effort to provide acomposition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects andsuppressing cancer metastasis, including a cannabis extract as an activeingredient.

The present invention has also been made in an effort to provide acomposition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects andsuppressing cancer metastasis, which shows effects of a cannabis extractof suppressing terminal cancer metastasis and reducing the viability ofcancer cells.

The present invention has also been made in an effort to provide acomposition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects andsuppressing cancer metastasis, which is excellent in effects ofsuppressing cancer metastasis and reducing the viability of cancercells, does not have side effects during the internal use andadministration of the composition, and does not cause cancer to beresistant.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a compositionfor anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects, and suppressingcancer metastasis according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention includes a cannabis extract as an active ingredient.

The cannabis extract includes cannabinoids and terpene.

The cancer includes those selected from the group consisting of thyroidcancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer,pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, andskin cancer.

The composition shows effects of suppressing terminal cancer metastasisand reducing the viability of cancer cells.

The cannabis extract includes those that suppress the activity of MMP-2and MMP-9 to decrease the rate of cancer metastasis.

The extract includes those extracted using an extraction solventselected from the group consisting of water, C₁ to C₆ lower alcohols,and a mixture thereof.

A functional food according to another exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is prepared using a composition for anti-cancer,reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis,including a cannabis extract as an active ingredient.

A skin external preparation according to still another exemplaryembodiment of the present invention is prepared using a composition foranti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancermetastasis, including a cannabis extract as an active ingredient.

A medicament according to yet another exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is prepared using a composition for anti-cancer,reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis,including a cannabis extract as an active ingredient.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail.

As used herein, the term ‘extract’ has a meaning commonly used as acrude extract in the art as described above, but also includes afraction obtained by additionally fractionating an extract in a broadsense. That is, an extract includes not only those obtained using theabove-described extraction solvent, but also those obtained byadditionally applying a purification process. For example, a fractionobtained by allowing the extract to pass through an ultrafiltrationmembrane having a predetermined molecular weight cut-off value, and afraction obtained through various purification methods such asseparation by means of various chromatography methods (thosemanufactured for separation according to the size, charge, andhydrophobicity or hydrophilicity) additionally carried out are includedin the extract of the present invention.

To achieve the objects, a composition for anti-cancer, reducinganti-cancer side effects, and suppressing cancer metastasis according toan exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a cannabisextract as an active ingredient.

Cannabis is an annual plant of the Cannabaceae family, and thesubspecies thereof are classified into three subspecies such as C.sativa subsp. sativa, C. sativa subsp. indica, and C. sativa subsp.ruderalis. It is known that cannabis has been widely cultivated forabout 12,000 years, mainly in Central Asia, in tropical and temperateregions, when legal regulations had not been applied in the past, andcannabis was used for food in China around 6,000 BC. There is a recordof using fiber obtained from cannabis around 4,000 BC, and there is adocument in the Chinese herbal book that cannabis was first used formedical purposes in 2,727 BC. However, in the twentieth century,cannabis has been strictly regulated in cultivation and handling notonly in Korea but also in most countries due to side effects such ashallucinations. However, the importance of cannabis for its excellentpharmacological action has been increasingly recognized overseas, andthere is an increasing movement to permit the use of cannabis fortherapeutic purposes. In Korea, studies on cannabis are lacking due tostrict regulations on cannabis, and in particular, there have beenalmost no studies on efficacy verification for medical cannabis andproblems on toxicity.

In the past, cannabis was used in various manners depending on the site,and hemp or cannabis leaves as hemp leaves are said to have an action ofkilling roundworms, and washing hair with water boiled with cannabisleaves is said to causes hair to grow long and shine. Further, cannabishas been used for asthma or prolonged coughing, roundworm, analgesicaction, anesthetic, and diuretic. The root of cannabis refers to magen,and was believed to treat difficult delivery and the absence of theplacenta, relieve static blood, and alleviate stone strangury, and itwas said that as a method of taking the root of cannabis, the root ofcannabis was decocted and the decocted water was taken. Mapi as the skinof cannabis was said to treat bruise and heat strangury pain, and mahuaas the flower of cannabis was said to be used for treating paralysis anditching. The flower spike of cannabis refers to mafen, and has beenutilized for difficult delivery, constipation, gout, madness, insomnia,and the like.

The cannabis extract includes cannabinoids and terpene.

To date, about 400 compounds have been found in cannabis, most of whichare cannabinoids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds. Among them,cannabinoids have been known as a representative active ingredient ofcannabis, but to date, about 90 kinds of cannabinoids have beenrevealed, and many ingredients found only in cannabis are also known.Cannabinol (CBN) was separated from cannabis in 1899, but later it wasknown that cannabinol (CBN) was not a single compound, and aftercannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which are purecompounds purified from cannabis, were isolated in the 1930s, studies oningredients of cannabis became more active.

Efforts to develop drugs using specific ingredients of cannabis havecontinued, and among them, THC and CBD, the main compounds of medicalcannabis have received the most attention for therapeutic purposes.Studies have shown that CBD has no psychotropic effects and is effectivein reducing pain and modulating epileptic seizures.

100 or more terpene-based compounds that serve to produce the aroma andtaste of cannabis have been identified in cannabis, and are present inthe form of various monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. Althoughterpene has been shown to be associated with various pharmacologicaleffects such as anti-inflammatory effects, studies on terpene compoundsextracted from cannabis have been insufficient compared to THC to date.

Terpene is known to exhibit a better effect when acting withcannabinoids such as CBD and THC, and may improve absorption ofcannabinoids, overcome bacterial defense mechanisms and minimize sideeffects.

The cancer includes those selected from the group consisting of thyroidcancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer,pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, andskin cancer.

Thyroid cancer collectively refers to cancer that occurs in the thyroidgland, and depending on the histological pattern, progenitor cells ofcancer and the degree of differentiation, thyroid cancer is divided intopapillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroidcancer, undifferentiated thyroid cancer, anaplastic cancer, metastaticthyroid cancer, and the like. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shapedorgan located under the thyroid cartilage and in front of the airwaywhere air passes when a person is breathing, and the thyroid glandfunctions to produce and store thyroid hormones and deliver the hormonesto the organs that require the hormones.

Lung cancer refers to a malignant tumor that arises in the lungs, andoriginates in the lungs themselves (primary lung cancer), or also occurswhen cancer originating from other organs metastasizes to the lungs. Thetypes of primary lung cancer are classified into non-small cell lungcancer and small cell lung cancer based on the size and morphology ofthe cancer cells, and non-small cell lung cancer accounts for 80 to 85%of lung cancer, which is again divided into glandular cancer(adenocarcinoma), squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and thelike. The remaining small cell lung cancers generally have a high grade,and at the time of discovery, most of the small cell lung cancers havealready metastasized to other organs, the contralateral lung, and themediastinum (space between both the lungs where the heart, trachea,esophagus, aorta, and the like are located) through lymphatic vessels orblood vessels.

Gastric cancer is a term that collectively refers to all cancers thatoriginate in the stomach, and gastric adenocarcinoma, which accounts forthe majority of gastric cancer, originates from gastric mucosal glandcells (gland cells), and may be further classified into various typesdepending on how the cells are observed under a microscope. In addition,gastric cancer includes all of the lymphoma originating in lymphoidtissue, interstitial tumor originating in nerves and muscle tissues ofthe stomach, sarcoma (malignant tumor derived from a non-epithelialtissue), neuroendocrine cancer secreting hormones, and the like.

Liver cancer refers to the tumor primarily originating from the liver,that is, the primary malignant tumor, and the general public commonlyalso calls cancer that has metastasized from other organs to the liveras liver cancer, but strictly speaking, liver cancer refers only toprimary cancer. Pathologically (histologically), there are various typesof primary liver cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma, bile ductepithelial carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, and angiosarcoma, and among them,hepatocellular carcinoma and bile duct epithelial carcinoma make up themajority of primary liver cancer.

The large intestine is divided into the vermiform appendix, the cecum,the colon, the rectum, and the proctodaeum, and colon is again dividedinto the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon,and the sigmoid colon, and among them, malignant tumors that occur inthe cecum, colon and rectum are called colorectal cancer. Mostcolorectal cancers refers to glandular cancer (adenocarcinoma), that is,cancer occurring in glandular cells of the mucous membranes, and otherprimary types such as lymphoma, malignant carcinoid, and leiomyosarcomamay occur.

Pancreatic cancer is a mass (lump) composed of cancer cells occurring inin the pancreas, and 90% or more of pancreatic cancer is glandularcancer in which cancer occurs in glandular cells of the pancreatic duct.There are many types of pancreatic tumors, the most common of which arebenign cystic tumors (cystoma), and mesenchymal tumors such as serousand mucinous cystic tumors, intraductal papillary mucinous tumor, solidpseudopapillary tumor, lymphoepithelial cyst, and cystic teratoma belongto the benign cystic tumors. Malignant tumors include neuroendocrinetumors in addition to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and acinar cellcarcinoma, which are exocrine tumors. Some cysts are malignant, andthose that were initially benign may become malignant.

Prostate cancer is a cancer that originates in the prostate and ismostly adenocarcinoma that originates in prostate cells. Prostate cancercells continue to proliferate out of normal control, invade other nearbytissues, or metastasize to distant tissues through blood vessels andlymphatic vessels. The types are classified according to the degree ofdifferentiation of tumor tissues and the characteristics of cells. Thebenign tumor that originates in the prostate is prostatic hyperplasia,and the malignant tumor is called prostate cancer.

Uterine cancer collectively refers to malignant tumor that originates inthe uterus, and is divided into cervical cancer and endometrial canceraccording to the site of occurrence Cervical cancer and endometrialcancer are carcinomas that completely differ not only in anatomicaldevelopment site but also in disease causes, symptoms and syndromes,progress aspect, histological characteristics, treatment methods, andthe like. Cervical cancer is more common in Korean women, endometrialcancer is more common in Western women, but the incidence rate ofendometrial cancer in Korean women is increasing.

Breast cancer is a type of malignant tumor that can spread outside thebreasts and be life-threatening, and is divided into cancers that occurin parenchymal tissues such as lactiferous duct and the lobule andcancers that occur in other stromal tissues, depending on the site ofoccurrence. Lactiferous ductal and lobular cancers are again dividedinto invasive and non-invasive breast cancers, depending on the extentto which the cancer cells have spread to surrounding tissues. Malebreast cancers account for 1% or less of female breast cancers, andinvasive ductal carcinoma is most commonly found.

Skin cancer is a cancer that originates in the skin which is theoutermost layer of the human body, and skin cancer that originates inthe skin from the onset is called primary skin cancer, and skin cancerthat originates in other organs and has metastasized to the skin iscalled metastatic skin cancer. In general, skin cancer refers to onlyprimary skin cancer that originates in the skin from the outset, andrefers to only the three most commonly occurring squamous cellcarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma in a strictsense. Skin cancers may be broadly divided into malignant melanoma andnon-melanoma skin cancer.

The present invention is those that suppress the activity of MMP-2 andMMP-9 to decrease the rate of cancer metastasis and can be used forthose that may show an anti-cancer effect, and is not limited to theexamples.

The composition shows effects of suppressing terminal cancer metastasisand reducing the viability of cancer cells.

Cancer may be divided into early, advanced, and terminal stages atdiagnosis, and the early stage refers to a period when cancer can becompletely cured by appropriate treatment and the advanced stage refersto a period when cancer cannot be completely cured, but prolonging lifecan be expected through aggressive anti-cancer treatment (surgery,radiation therapy, anti-cancer chemotherapy (anti-cancer drugtreatment)). In contrast, the terminal stage is a period when suchaggressive anti-cancer treatment cannot contribute to the prolonging oflife, but rather increases only the risk of side effects, and evenchemotherapy, which plays an important role in the treatment of terminalcancer, has been a major obstacle to treatment due to the resistance ofcancer to anti-cancer drugs, which occurs during chemotherapy.

In particular, the terminal stage is a step in which cancer has grownbeyond a certain size, and is a period when the progression to cancer ispromoted by contributing to the growth and metastasis of cancer, evasionof immune mechanism, and the like, and a patient suffers from varioussymptoms including pain from advanced disease, and pain regulation,dyspnea regulation, and the like using various analgesics are performed.

Thus, in the present invention, as the composition of the presentinvention is used as a composition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancerside effects and suppressing cancer metastasis using a cannabis extract,it is possible to provide a composition as an anti-cancer agent whichlowers the occurrence of side effects caused by internal use andadministration and does not cause resistance, unlike a chemotherapeuticagent.

More specifically, it is possible to provide a composition which isexcellent in effects of treating terminal cancer by including a cannabisextract as an active ingredient to suppress the metastasis of terminalcancer and reduce the viability of cancer cells.

Preferably, the composition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer sideeffects and suppressing cancer metastasis may further include anErigeron annuus (L.) Pers extract, a Ceratonia siliqua (L.) Taub.extract, and a Stellaria media extract.

The Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers is a native of North America, a biennialgrass growing in fields, plains and roadsides in various parts of Korea,and a genus Chrysanthemum plant, and various physiological activitiesthereof such as dyspepsia, malaria, enteritis, hepatitis, diureticaction or hypoglycemic action are known.

The Ceratonia siliqua (L.) Taub. is s an evergreen broad-leaved shrubthat grows about 10 m in height, and is well tolerated by drought. Theleaves contain resin. In the fall, small faint green-brown flowers bloomand long green pods run. The pods, when ripe, turn chocolate-colored andcontain small, glossy, hard beans therein. Carob gum, which softens theskin, is popular as a skin pack and is also used to treat diarrhea.

The Stellaria media is a biennial herb of the family Caryophyllaceae,grows mainly on a roadside or in an embankment around the end of afield, is about 10 to 20 cm tall, and is rich in minerals such asprotein, calcium and iron. The Stellaria media strengthens the stomachand intestines, cleanses the blood and improves milk production. TheStellaria media may also treat inflammation such as gum disease, toothdecay, appendicitis, enteritis, and bowel ulcers.

However, no studies on the suppression of cancer metastasis using theseplants have been reported.

When the natural extracts are used in combination, the effect ofsuppressing cancer metastasis is enhanced due to the mixing action amongthe constituent ingredients.

As the Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers extract, the Ceratonia siliqua (L.)Taub. extract and the Stellaria media extract are additionally included,it is possible to provide a composition having excellent preference byneutralizing the taste and aroma peculiar to the cannabis extract.

Preferably, the composition of the present invention may include 20 to40 parts by weight of the Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers extract, 20 to 40parts by weight of the Ceratonia siliqua (L.) Taub. extract, and 20 to40 parts by weight of the Stellaria media extract based on 100 parts byweight of the cannabis extract. When the composition of the presentinvention is used as a complex extract within the above-range, it ispossible to exhibit excellent cancer metastasis suppression andanti-cancer effects and simultaneously provide the composition as acomposition having excellent preference.

The cannabis extract includes those that suppress the activity of MMP-2and MMP-9 to decrease the rate of cancer metastasis.

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is an extracellular matrix degradingenzyme, acts as a regeneration, embryo development, andneovascularization factor in vivo or is used as a protein to suppressthe tumor cell apoptosis or activate the growth factors, and is a keyenzyme involved in extracellular matrix degradation and cell migration.

Among such MMPs, particularly, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are known to actspecifically to type IV collagen and play an important role in cancerinvasion and metastasis.

Cancer metastasis and invasion are fundamental characteristics ofmalignant cancer cells. Cancer invades the blood vessels as well asmetastases in the early stage. Cancer cells go through several importantsteps in the processes of invasion and metastasis. In these processes,the degradation of the extracellular matrix that makes up the basementmembrane is an essential early step, because the extracellular matrixsurrounding the cancer tissue and the basement membrane are regarded aswalls in the invasion of cancer. Various proteolytic enzymes participatein this process and reach the final step through degradation of theextracellular matrix and basement membrane, which are externalenvironmental barriers. However, a proteolytic enzyme secreted fromcells is an inactive form of pro-MMP-9, which is activated through aseries of enzyme activations, including the production of an active formof plasminogen (plasmin) by a urokinase-type plasminogen activator(uPA). Activated MMP-9 enhances the ability to invade cancer cells.

Thus, the present invention may provide a composition for anti-cancer,reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis,which delays the rate of invasion and metastasis of cancer cells througheffects of suppressing the enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymesof a cannabis extract.

The extract includes those extracted using an extraction solventselected from the group consisting of water, C₁ to C₆ lower alcohols,and a mixture thereof.

Specifically, in order to prepare a cannabis extract, a natural extractmay be obtained by including: grinding a natural product; leaching theground product by using an organic solvent; leaching a sample, and thendrying the sample; re-leaching the dried sample by using an organicsolvent; leaching the sample, and then drying the sample; leaching thesample by using water; and leaching the resulting product.

The method of obtaining the natural extract may further includeperforming fractionation on the natural extract extracted by using theorganic solvent by using an organic solvent.

The extraction solvent may be used 2 to 50 times, more specifically 2 to20 times, based on the weight of the sample. For extraction, the samplemay be left to stand in the extraction solvent for leaching for 1 to 72hour, more specifically, 24 to 48 hours.

The extract may be prepared in a powder state by additional processessuch as distillation under reduced pressure and freeze drying or spraydrying, and the method include obtaining an extract by an extractionmethod selected from the group consisting of a solvent extractionmethod, an ultrasonic extraction method, a reflux extraction method, aleaching method, a fermentation method and a processing method.

The ultrasonic extraction method performs the reaction at 30 to 50° C.for 0.5 to 2.5 hours, and the extraction solvent is obtained from wateror a 50 to 100% alcohol having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Specifically, theextract is extracted at 40 to 50° C. for 1 to 2.5 hours, and anextraction solvent is obtained from water or a 70 to 80% alcohol having1 to 6 carbon atoms.

The reflux extraction method is performed by 10 to 30 g of a groundmaterial of the natural product based on water and 100 mL of an alcoholhaving 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a reflux time of 1 to 3 hours, and a 50 to100% alcohol having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or water. More specifically, themethod is performed by 10 to 20 g of a ground material of the naturalproduct based on 100 mL of an alcohol having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or 100mL of water, 10 to 20 g of a ground material of a natural product, areflux time of 1 to 2 hours, and a 70 to 90% alcohol having 1 to 4carbon atoms, or water.

The leaching method is performed at 15 to 30° C. for 24 to 72 hours, andas an extraction solvent, water or a 50 to 100% alcohol having 1 to 6carbon atoms is used. More specifically, the leaching method isperformed at 20 to 25° C. for 30 to 54 hours, and the extraction solventis obtained by water or a 70 to 80% alcohol having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

After extraction, the extract may be fractionated by sequentiallyapplying new fractionation solvents. For a fractionation solvent usedduring the fractionation, the solvent is one or more selected from thegroup consisting of water, hexane, butanol, ethyl acetic acid, ethylacetate, methylene chloride, and a mixture thereof, preferably, ethylacetate or methylene chloride.

A functional food according to another exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is prepared using a composition for anti-cancer,reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis,including a cannabis extract as an active ingredient.

“Functional food” as defined herein means a food manufactured andprocessed using raw materials or ingredients that have functionalproperties that are useful for the human body according to Act No. 6727on functional foods, and “functional” is meant to be taken for thepurpose of regulating nutrients to the structure and function of thehuman body, or obtaining effects useful for public health use, such asphysiological effects.

A skin external preparation according to still another exemplaryembodiment of the present invention is prepared using a composition foranti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancermetastasis, including a cannabis extract as an active ingredient.

A medicament according to yet another exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention is prepared using a composition for anti-cancer,reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis,including a cannabis extract as an active ingredient.

A dosage form of the medicament of the present invention may be in apreferred form according to the use method, and in particular, themedicament of the present invention may be formulated using a methodpublicly known in the art so as to provide a rapid, sustained, ordelayed release of an active ingredient after being administered tomammals. Specific examples of the dosage form include granules, powders,syrups, solutions, suspensions, pills, infuses, tablets, suppositories,injections, spirits, capsules, pills, soft or hard gelatin capsules, andthe like.

The preferred dose for the medicament of the present invention dependson the condition and body weight, the degree of the disease, the form ofdrug, the administration route and the duration, but may beappropriately selected by a person having ordinary skill in the art towhich the present invention pertains.

According to the composition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer sideeffects and suppressing cancer metastasis, including the cannabisextract of the present invention as an active ingredient, it is possibleto provide a composition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer sideeffects and suppressing cancer metastasis, which is excellent in aneffect of suppressing cancer metastasis, exhibits an effect of reducingthe viability of cancer cells, does not have the occurrence of sideeffects during internal use and administration, and does not causeresistance by suppressing the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an experimental result for the viability of cancer cells of acomposition according to an exemplary embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is an experimental result for the resistance of a cancer cellline SNU38M® to the composition according to an exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 3 is an experimental result for the resistance of a cancer cellline AGS® to the composition according to an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 is an experimental result showing the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9enzymes of the composition according to an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Hereinafter, the Examples of the present invention will be described indetail such that a person skilled in the art to which the presentinvention pertains can easily carry out the present invention. However,the present invention can be implemented in various different forms, andis not limited to the Examples described herein.

Preparation Example: Preparation of Extract

Preparation of Cannabis Extract

Cannabis including leaves and flowers was washed thoroughly with runningwater and then air-dried completely. The dried cannabis was pulverizedwith a mixer and then prepared as a powder. After 50% ethanol as anextraction solvent was added to the powder sample at a ratio of 1:10(w:v) and then the powder sample was completely immersed, extraction wasperformed repeatedly three times at 80° C. under reflux for each 3hours. The liquid extract was filtered with a Whatman No. 2 filterpaper. A cannabis extract (CE) was prepared by concentrating thefiltrate at 60° C. under reduced pressure.

2. Preparation of Other Natural Extracts

An Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers extract (EE), a Ceratonia siliqua (L.)Taub. extract (IE), and a Stellaria media extract (SE) were preparedusing a method which is the same as the preparation method of thecannabis extract (CE).

3. Preparation of Complex Extract

A complex extract was formed by mixing the cannabis extract (CE), theErigeron annuus (L.) Pers extract (EE), the Ceratonia siliqua (L.) Taub.extract (IE), and the Stellaria media extract (SE) as shown in thefollowing Table 1.

TABLE 1 MX1 MX2 MX3 MX4 MX5 MX6 CE 100 100 100 100 100 100 EE — 10 20 3040 50 IE — 10 20 30 40 50 SE — 10 50 30 40 50 (Unit: parts by weight)

Experimental Example 1: Cytotoxicity Experiments

Toxicity Experiments

In order to test the toxicity of cannabis extract (CE) and complexextracts (MX2 to MX6), differences in toxicity and side effects duringthe administration of the complex extracts were confirmed in a ratrepetitive dose toxicity experiment.

Six-week-old SD male and female rats were divided into 10 per group (5males and 5 females), and the complex extracts MX1 to MX6 wereadministered to the groups, and after each drug was dissolved in a 0.5%MC solution, oral administration once daily at the same morning time wasrepeated for 13 weeks.

As a single dose, the solution was administered in an amount of 3.75mg/kg to 5 mg/kg. Thereafter, the mortality rate, general symptoms,weight change, and food and water intake were observed.

As a result, no dead individuals occurred during the experimentalperiod. In view of the experimental results, it was confirmed that thecannabis extract (CE), the Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers extract (EE), theCeratonia siliqua (L.) Taub. extract (IE), the Stellaria media extract(SE), and a mixture thereof had no toxicity problems.

Cancer Cell Viability Experiment

2-1. Cannabis Extract (CE)

The cell viability of HCT116 cells and HT-29 cells as human colorectalcancer cells to which the cannabis extract (CE) was administered wasmeasured.

First, HCT116 cells and HT-29 cells were cultured in a humidifiedincubator under conditions of an RPMI 1640 (Sigma Chemical CO.) mediumincluding 10% fetal bovine serum (GIBCO), a temperature of 37° C., and5% CO2/95% air. In this case, the culture medium was replaced once everyother day. After confluent growth, the cells were subcultured by trypsintreatment with a 0.25% trypsin-EDTA solution. After the cells werecultured for 4 to 5 days, the cells were aliquoted at a density of 5×10⁴cells/well in a 24-well plate, and the medium volume of each well wasadjusted to 1 ml.

Thereafter, after the cells were treated with the cannabis extract (CE)prepared in the Preparation Example at concentrations of 0 μm, 10 μm, 20μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm, and 100 μm, respectively and cultured for 24hours, 100 μl of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide (MTT); 5 g MTT/l in H2O] was added thereto, and then the cellswere further cultured for 4 hours, and 200 μl of dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) was added to the wells containing each cell and mixed with apipette in order to dissolve the reduced MTT crystals. The relative cellviability was determined by scanning with a microplate reader (MolecularDevices, Menlo Park, Calif.) with a 540 nm filter.

The results thereof are illustrated in FIG. 1, and it was confirmed thatthe viability of HCT116 cells and HT-29 cells, which are humancolorectal cancer cells to which cannabis extract (CE) was administered,was decreased.

In view of the experimental results, it was confirmed that the cannabisextract (CE) was effective for reducing the survival of cancer cells.

2-2. Composite Extract

In order to examine the cancer cell viability of the complex extracts(MX2 to MX6), the same experiment as the cell viability experiment ofthe cannabis extract (CE) was performed, and the results thereof areshown in comparison with the relative effect on the cannabis extract(CE).

For the viability of cancer cells compared to the cannabis extract (CE),the CE was set at an index of 5, and the cancer cell viability of MX2 toMX6 was evaluated as an index of 1 to 10. It can be said to mean thatthe higher the index is, the smaller the viability of cancer cells is.

TABLE 2 CE MX2 MX3 MX4 MX5 MX6 Suppression of survival of 5 6 7 8 7 6HCT116 cells Suppression of survival 5 5 6 6 6 5 of HT-29 cells (Unit:Index)

As shown in Table 2 above, it was confirmed that the complex extractsMX2 to MX6 reduced the viability of cancer cells equivalent to or higherthan that of the cannabis extract (CE). This can be said to mean thatwhen the complex extract is used as a natural complex extract, theeffect of reducing the viability of cancer cells is excellent due to thecomplex action of each ingredient, compared to when only the cannabisextract (CE) is used.

Experimental Example 2: Resistance Experiment

Cannabis Extract (CE)

After the cannabis extract (CE) was injected at a concentration of 0 μm,10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm, and 100 μm, respectively into livercancer and gastric cancer cell lines (SNU38M®, AGS®) showing resistanceto celastrol which is an ingredient with anti-cancer action, resistancewas analyzed by MTT assay. As a result, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3,it was found that the cannabis extract (CE) suppressed the resistance ofeach cancer cell line.

Complex Extract

In order to see whether complex extracts (MX2 to MX6) also causeresistance of the cancer cell lines, the same experiment as theresistance experiment of the cannabis extract (CE) was performed, andthe results thereof are shown in comparison with the relative effect oncannabis extract (CE).

For the resistance of cancer cell lines compared to the cannabis extract(CE), the CE was set at an index of 5, and the cancer cell lineresistance to MX2 to MX6 was evaluated as an index of 1 to 10. It can besaid to mean that the larger the index is, the less resistant the cancercell line is.

TABLE 3 CE MX2 MX3 MX4 MX5 MX6 SNU38M ® 5 6 7 7 7 6 AGS ® 5 5 5 6 7 6(Unit: Index)

As shown in Table 3 above, it was confirmed that the complex extractsMX2 to MX6 did not cause resistance of cancer cell lines equivalent toor higher than that of the cannabis extract (CE). This can be said tomean that when the natural complex extract is used, the effect ofsuppressing the resistance of cancer cell lines is excellent due to thecomplex action of each ingredient, compared to when only the cannabisextract (CE) is used.

Experimental Example 3: Effect of Suppressing Cancer Metastasis

Cannabis Extract (CE)

In order to investigate the effects of the cannabis extract (CE) on theenzymatic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-2 which are enzymes essential forinvasion and neovascularization of cancer cells during cancer metastasisthrough gelatin degradation of the extracellular matrix, the followingexperiment was performed.

First, for the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, the experiment was performedby treating the colorectal cancer cells HCT116 cells cultured inExperimental Example 1 with the cannabis extract (CE) and treating theHCT116 cells with 1 ng/ml of PMA known to stimulate the expression andactivity of MMP-2 and MMP-9.

After HCT116 cells were treated with the cannabis extract (CE),enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured in the supernatantcultured for 72 hours. As in FIG. 4, it was shown that the cannabisextract (CE) reduced the activity of MMP-9 in a concentration-dependentmanner at 10 μm or more compared to the PMA-treated group. In addition,it was shown that the activity of MMP-2, which is in an active form, wasreduced at a concentration of 30 μm or more, and the activity wasreduced by 50% compared to the PMA-treated group at a maximumconcentration of 100 μm.

Complex Extract

In order to investigate the effect of suppressing the cancer metastasisof the complex extracts (MX2 to MX6), the same experiment as theexperiment of the cannabis extract (CE) was performed, and the resultsthereof are shown in comparison with the relative effect on cannabisextract (CE).

For the effect of suppressing cancer metastasis compared to the cannabisextract (CE), the CE was set at an index of 5, and the effects of MX2 toMX6 on the suppression of the enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9were evaluated as an index of 1 to 10. It can be said to mean that thehigher the index is, the better the effects of suppressing the cancermetastasis are.

TABLE 4 CE MX2 MX3 MX4 MX5 MX6 Suppression of activity 5 6 7 8 7 6 ofMMP-2 Suppression of activity 5 5 7 7 6 5 of MMP-9 (Unit: Index)

As shown in Table 4 above, it was confirmed that the complex extractsMX2 to MX6 suppressed the enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9equivalent to or higher than that of the cannabis extract (CE). This canbe said to mean that when the natural complex extract is used, theeffect of suppressing the enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 isexcellent due to the complex action of each ingredient, compared to whenonly the cannabis extract (CE) is used.

Experimental Example 4: Preference Test

Sensory Evaluation Test

Tea beverages were prepared by diluting MX1 and the complex extracts MX3to MX6. The tea beverages were sampled by 10 tasters, and the taste andaroma were expressed by an index of 1 to 10, and the average values(applied to a rounding of 0.5) are shown in the following Table 5. Thehigher the number of the index is, the higher the preference is.

TABLE 5 MX1 MX2 MX3 MX4 MX5 MX6 Taste 6.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 Aroma 6.06.5 6.5 7.0 7.5 7.0 Overall preference 6.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 (average)(Unit: Index)

Referring to Table 5, it can be seen that in the case of MX1, the uniquetaste and aroma reduced the preference using the cannabis extract alone,and in the case of using the mixture of MX2 to MX6, the preference isenhanced while the taste and aroma peculiar to the cannabis extract areneutralized by other natural extracts. In particular, in the case ofusing MX3 to MX5, it was confirmed that the aroma was highly evaluatedand the preference was also enhanced significantly.

Therefore, in the case of using the complex extracts MX3 to MX5, it ispossible to provide a functional food with higher aroma and taste interms of preference, which has excellent effects of anti-cancer,reducing anti-cancer side effects, and suppressing cancer metastasis.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been describedin detail hereinabove, it is to be understood that the scope of thepresent invention is not limited thereto, and various modifications andimprovements made by those skilled in the art using basic concepts ofthe present invention, which are defined in the following claims alsofall within the scope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition for anti-cancer, reducing anti-cancer side effects and suppressing cancer metastasis, comprising a cannabis extract as an active ingredient.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cannabis extract comprises cannabinoids and terpene.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of thyroid cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer, and skin cancer.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition shows effects of suppressing terminal cancer metastasis and reducing the viability of cancer cells.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cannabis extract suppresses the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 to decrease the rate of cancer metastasis.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the extract is extracted using an extraction solvent selected from the group consisting of water, C₁ to C₆ lower alcohols, and a mixture thereof.
 7. A functional food comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to
 5. 8. A skin external preparation comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to
 5. 9. A medicament comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to
 5. 